An Alabama state court jury on Tuesday found pharmaceutical companies GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis guilty of defrauding the state Medicaid program by charging artificially high prices for medications and ordered the two companies to pay more than $114 million in restitution, the
Pharmaceutical companies across the industry have significantly cut outlays to outsourcing as a percentage of clinical development budgets, according to "Streamlining Clinical Trials," a new study by pharmaceutical business intelligence leader Cutting Edge Information. Comparison with earlier research by Cutting Edge Information in this arena reveals that reductions occur in every phase.
A nontoxic nanoparticle developed by Penn State researchers is proving to be an all-around effective delivery system for both therapeutic drugs and the fluorescent dyes that can track their delivery.
It is a reality that the development of pharmaceutical drugs is a very expensive task. Yet, these costs are necessary due to the substantial investment of both resources and time of the companies in question. (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
Several techniques are often employed by drug companies to secretly promote off-label use, according to a piece released on October 27, 2008 in the open-access journal PLoS Medicine. For most drugs, it is legal to prescribe them for off-label uses, which are not specified in the original approval of the drug. These uses are sometimes unavoidable -- for instance, most approvals do not include pregnant women, who may need medication.
KMR GROUP, a firm analyzing biopharmaceutical R&D performance, announces the launch of a Discovery study to assess research performance and identify trends that promise to shape the most successful Discovery organizations of the future. The study is part of the Pharmaceutical Benchmarking Forum's initiatives for 2009 and already has a number of major company participants.
Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (CTI) (Nasdaq and MTA: CTIC) announced that it has closed the data set for preliminary analysis of the primary endpoint in the phase III EXTEND (PIX301) trial of pixantrone (BBR2278) for patients with relapsed diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and it has provided Novartis notice that the data set has been closed.
Pharmalef Developments www.pharmalef.com is a home for team-oriented professionals and their aim is to be the first choice in the industry for licensing and academic collaborations that bring mutual benefits to each party (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
As part of its commitment to promote basic research in the life sciences, Applied Biosystems Inc. (NYSE:ABI) today announced the creation of a grant program for genomic, epigenomic and transcriptome studies. The $10K Genome Grant Program is based on the concept of sequencing an entire genome for $10,000. Applied Biosystems is launching this program to inspire new genomic sequencing studies on next-generation sequencing technology.
Mpex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced that it has initiated a Phase 2 clinical study with MP-376 for use as a maintenance therapy in reducing the incidence of pulmonary exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MP-376 is the company's novel formulation of levofloxacin inhalation solution. The Phase 2, U.S.
Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation receiving either 30 mg or 60 mg once-daily dose of DU- 176b, an investigational oral Factor Xa inhibitor, experienced comparable safety and tolerability compared to those taking warfarin, according to new Phase II data presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology in San Francisco.
Kriger www.krigerinternational.com has maintained it's status within the industry because these training courses lead to the creation of highly trained individuals, due to the rigorous tasks that each student must perform in the projects. (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
The U.S. Supreme Court is considering reviewing a case that could set new limits on whistle-blower lawsuits against drugmakers, biotechnology companies and other businesses, Bloomberg reports. The court has asked the Department of Justice for advice on the suit, which alleges that a North Carolina water district fraudulently sought federal money for storm cleanup. The case is based on the U.S.
Free drug samples provided to physicians by pharmaceutical companies could actually be costing uninsured patients more in the long run, according to a study done by researchers at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center and colleagues. The retrospective study looked at the prescribing habits of more than 70 physicians in a university-affiliated internal medicine practice in the months immediately before and after the closing of their drug sample closet.
China Sky One Medical, Inc. ("China Sky One Medical" or "the Company") (Amex: CSY), a leading fully integrated pharmaceutical company producing over-the-counter drugs in the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), announced that it successfully developed 26 new drugs that are currently in clinical trials. Heilongjiang Tianlong Pharmaceutical, Inc.
It is imperative that pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies pass their product through the testing and regulatory process in a rapid, cost-effective manner. (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
LYDALL, INC. (NYSE: LDL) Charter Medical Ltd., a subsidiary of Lydall, Inc., has announced a breakthrough Bio-Container that utilizes an innovative new film technology. FREEZE-PAKT Bio-Containers are designed for use in cryogenic temperature applications providing robust performance as low as -196°C and remain flexible in a frozen state.
Fifty-nine leading life scientists from Europe and around the world were recognised yesterday by the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) for their proven excellence in research. Fifty-one of the researchers, distinguished as EMBO Members, are from Europe and neighbouring countries, while eight equally respected scientists come from other parts of the world and join as Associate Members, bringing the current membership total to 1360.
Pharmaceutical and biotech companies conduct pricing research much earlier in drug development than they once did. The new study, "Outcomes-Based Pharmaceutical Pricing: Meeting Stakeholder Needs," published by competitive intelligence firm Cutting Edge Information, finds that 56% of companies begin pricing-focused market research before Phase III of product development (http://www.
How can researchers prove to the government that a newly-discovered drug or device is safe and effective? This is where the clinical trial comes in. The clinical trial is a research study designed to determine if a new pharmaceutical or medical device is sufficiently safe and effective for human use. (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
Entries are now open for poster abstracts for the 2009 Institute of Clinical Research (ICR) Annual Spring Conference and Exhibition which will focus on Essential Updates and Lively Debates.
Rep. Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio) recently introduced a bill (HR 6800) that would replace the Medicare prescription drug benefit with a new program in an effort to reduce costs, CQ HealthBeat reports.
Clinproxy’s, www.clinproxy.com global spread continues to acknowledge to issues with regards to developing countries and the compliance required for clinical trials. (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
UCLA scientists have succeeded in making unique nanoscale droplets that are much smaller than a human cell and can potentially be used to deliver pharmaceuticals. "What we found that was unexpected was within each oil droplet there was also a water droplet - a double emulsion," said Timothy Deming, professor and chair of the UCLA Department of Bioengineering and a member of both the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) at UCLA and UCLA's Jonsson Cancer Center.
Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) President and CEO Jim Greenwood released the following statement regarding the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report issued projecting cost savings from S. 1695, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2007: "The CBO report shows that developing a pathway to review and approve follow-on biologics will result in cost savings to public and private purchasers of biologic products over a ten year period.
Trubion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Nasdaq: TRBN) announced positive data from a Phase 1/2a study demonstrating that repeat administration with TRU-015 continues to produce persistent responses and significant improvements in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) signs and symptoms based on American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria.
The idea of outsourcing clinical trials took a dramatic increase two decades ago and continues to increase at a rapid pace. (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
Genentech, Inc. (NYSE:DNA) announced today that it has received a proposal from Roche to acquire all of the outstanding shares of Genentech stock not owned by Roche at a price of $89.00 in cash per share. Currently, Roche owns approximately 55.9% of the outstanding shares of Genentech.
The Drug Information Association (DIA), the premier, multidisciplinary, non-profit association that provides a neutral forum for the exchange of information critical to the advancement of the drug discovery and lifecycle management processes, has opened an office in Beijing, China. "China's pharmaceutical industry has become a major force in drug discovery and development," explains William Brassington, Acting DIA Worldwide Executive Director.
Rib-X Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("Rib-X" or the "Company"), a development-stage company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of novel antibiotics for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections, announced positive topline results from a Phase 2 clinical trial with the intravenous form of its novel anionic quinolone antibiotic, delafloxacin (RX-3341).
As per ClinQua Inc. www.clinqua.com relationships exist on all levels of clinical development. Primarily, problems arise when there are fundamental breakdowns in the delegation of responsibilities or rather when someone is given control over a critical area when they are otherwise unqualified. (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a technique to measure the formation of clumps of proteins in protein-based pharmaceuticals. This first systematic study clarifies the conditions under which scientists can be assured that their instruments are faithfully measuring the formation of protein aggregates, a major concern because of its impact on quality control and safety in biologic drug manufacturing.
"Health care reformers have high hopes that the relentless rise in prescription drug costs can be slowed by replacing brand-name medicines with cheaper generic versions," but "so many physicians are so captive of the drug industry that it would take a huge effort to persuade more patients and doctors to use generics," a New York Times editorial states.
Medicaid paid nearly $198 million from 2004 to 2007 for more than 100 unapproved prescription drugs for beneficiaries, according to an Associated Press analysis of federal data, the AP/San Francisco Chronicle reports.
Limdato, www.limdato.com understands that executing a successful clinical trial requires a seamless coordination and communication with all individuals involved on levels on the trial (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
Sanofi-aventis and Bristol-Myers Squibb back today's decision by NICE (the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) to review its guidance on vascular disease for clopidogrel (Plavix®) and dipyridamole. NICE originally planned to defer review of the guidance, called Technology Appraisal Number 90 (TAG90), until November 2010. During the recent NICE consultation process, a number of organisations, highlighted the pressing need for an earlier review.
Nagoya University and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), will present an innovations event entitled "Next Generation Japanese Technology Showcase" to be held on January 14th, 2009 at the Cornell Club New York in Mid-town Manhattan. The showcase will feature early to advanced stage developments in the fields of physical and life sciences from several prominent Japanese universities.
"Access to Experimental Drugs for Terminally Ill Patients," Journal of the American Medical Association: In the commentary, Benjamin Falit and Cary Gross of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program and Yale University's
The research was conducted on 24 patients ranging in age from 13 to 74 years (the average age was 46.6 ±5.4), who underwent surgery in the urology clinic of the Rostov State Medical University. It was sponsored by Anestvice Inc... (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
Helix BioPharma announced that it has received the necessary regulatory approvals to open clinical sites in Germany to expand upon its clinical trial with Topical Interferon Alpha-2b in patients with ano-genital warts, which is presently underway in Sweden. "We are pleased to have received approval to open these additional clinical sites," said John Docherty, President of Helix BioPharma.
DURECT Corporation (Nasdaq: DRRX) reported that Pain Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: PTIE) has received a Complete Response Letter from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its New Drug Application (NDA) for REMOXY(R), an abuse-resistant controlled-release form of oxycodone. Based on its review, the FDA has determined that the NDA is not approved in its present form. According to King Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Bruce Roth's name may not be on the tip of many tongues, but his invention has been on more than 26 million in the United States alone. Inventor of Lipitor, the cholesterol-lowering pill that is the world's largest selling drug, Roth is among 25 unsung scientific heroes who are being inducted into an American Chemical Society (ACS) hall of fame called the Heroes of Chemistry. The other new Heroes include Karen E.
According to report of Institute of Applied Chemistry they have performed the third step as it appears in the synthesis route scheme. This took much longer than the other steps, after all, this reaction doesn't appear in any literature and in the end only took two and half weeks... (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
SuperGen Inc. (Nasdaq: SUPG), a pharmaceutical company dedicated to the discovery and development of novel cancer therapies, announced that its oral PIM kinase inhibitor, SGI-1776, is effective both in vitro and in vivo in preclinical models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (Abstract #1922). This research was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology.
Merck Serono's Erbitux® is one of the finalists for the prestigious International Prix Galien Award for excellence in pharmaceutical development and innovation due to its role in transforming the treatment of head and neck cancer. Erbitux is the first and only targeted therapy approved for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and works in a completely different way to conventional chemotherapies.
A pharmaceutical plant in Mozambique's capital of Maputo that will produce generic antiretroviral drugs cannot be the sole solution to problems associated with access to treatment, Health Minister Ivo Garrido said recently, AIM/AllAfrica.com reports.
Pharmalef Inc. www.pharmalef.com is starting collaboration in development of new oral delivery platform offers pharmaceutical companies the ability to extend the shelf life and stability of medicinal compounds. (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
Novavax, Inc. (Nasdaq: NVAX) announced that Dr. Trudy Morrison, PhD, Professor of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, will be presenting the results of a preclinical study of a vaccine candidate for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus ("RSV") at the 2nd Vaccine Congress in Boston, MA on December 9, 2008. This study was funded by Novavax, Inc.
Sea Lane Biotechnologies, LLC (Sea Lane) announced the first demonstration of a new class of biotherapeutic molecules called SurrobodiesT with the potential to impart transformative new abilities and benefits into next generation biologic treatments. Surrobodies build upon the increasing success of biotherapeutic antibodies whose sales in the US total more than $16 billion annually and are growing rapidly.
The Wellcome Trust has announced a £4.1 million investment in a new initiative to generate small molecule inhibitors - "chemical probes" - for 25 proteins involved in epigenetic signalling, and to release these probes into the public domain with no restriction on use. Early stage information sharing on chemical probes is highly unusual and breaks with the tradition of keeping such data confidential.
Limdato, www.limdato.com understands that executing a successful clinical trial requires a seamless coordination and communication with all individuals involved on levels on the trial (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
Schering-Plough Corporation (NYSE: SGP) announced that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) has issued a positive opinion recommending approval of the intravenous (IV) formulation of TEMODAL(R) (temozolomide) as an alternative to the already approved oral form of temozolomide in the EU. The CHMP also has issued a positive opinion recommending approval of a sachet packaging presentation for TEMODAL Capsules.
A survey suggests that nearly half of older adults in the U.S. use prescription and over-the-counter medications together, and that about 4 percent of older adults are potentially at risk of an adverse drug reaction because of an interaction between medications, according to a study in the December 24/31 issue ofJAMA. The researchers also found that nearly 30 percent use at least 5 prescription medications.
The special committee of the Board of Directors of Genentech, Inc. (NYSE:DNA) announced that, after careful consideration, it has unanimously concluded that Roche's proposal to acquire the shares of Genentech not owned by Roche for $89.00 per share substantially undervalues the company. Therefore, the special committee does not support the proposal.
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Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America on Thursday is expected to announce new voluntary guidelines prohibiting gifts to doctors as part of pharmaceutical companies' marketing efforts, the New York Times reports.
The Drug Information Association will host its 8th Annual DIA Conference for Contemporary Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management Strategies (January 11-15; Washington, DC).
On November 16-20, 2008, 8,000 of the world's most prominent pharmaceutical scientists will put their best research on paper and present their findings at the AAPS Annual Meeting and Exposition. This year's meeting will take place in Atlanta at the Georgia World Congress Center.
According to Bruce Kriger, CEO of Kriger Research Group International www.kriger.com, leading training institution and clinical research organization, the world is getting better, no matter what critics say. (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
From pharmaceutical company funding to the mentioning of brand name medications, there are several potential sources of bias in medical news media coverage. According to a report published in the October 1 issue of JAMA, news articles frequently fail to report these sources of bias and other conflicts of interest. Both physicians and laymen consider news articles an important source of medical information. Michael Hochman, M.D.
A number of states have begun to consider legislation that would restrict access to physician prescribing information for data mining companies as part of a "backlash against pharmaceutical marketing efforts," the AP/Arizona Republic reports. Data mining companies, such as
Researchers have developed a new type of property-changing polymer: It is water-repellent at 37 degrees Celsius, which makes it an ideal culture substrate for biological cells. At room temperature it attracts water, allowing the cells to be detached easily from the substrate.
Typically, large CROs compete on the basis of medical and scientific expertise in specific therapeutic areas; the ability to manage large-scale trials on a global basis with strategically located facilities (613) 686-5745 Cerepotec Pharmalef
Plaid MEP Jill Evans (Wales) believes a twenty year old European law on animal testing is in urgent need of updating because it allows too many animals to suffer unnecessarily. The MEP says many experiments are being duplicated, leading to animal suffering that could be avoided. The MEP wants the European Commission to establish a Europe-wide database, accessible to researchers, to help reduce the number of animals suffering in experiments.
TheraQuest Biosciences, Inc. a development stage pain management company announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted its Investigational New Drug ("IND") application for TQ-1015, its abuse deterrent extended release strong opioid. TQ-1015 is being developed using SECUREL(R), TheraQuest's proprietary abuse deterrent technology.
Cereprotec Inc. and Institute of Applied Chemistry at Hebrew University are working together to synthesise new Glycoluril Derivatives with Possible Neuroprotection Effects.According to report of Institute of Applied Chemistry they have performed the third step as it appears in the synthesis route scheme. This took much longer than the other steps, after all, this reaction doesn't appear in any literature and in the end only took two and half weeks. This research is fully sponsored by Cereprotec Incorporated www.cereprotec.com a US company that already runs clinical tests of their first drug Cereprotex . In the reaction between compound II and III, one gets two main products, three additional compounds in small quantities plus unreacted starting materials and one main side product. All together there were 8 compounds in the reaction mixture.
One of the main materials precipitated out from the mixture and was removed via filtration from the reaction mixture. This material was cleaned up via crystallization but turned out not to be the desired compound. The second main material was separated via silica gel column chromatography. Unfortunately, this main material came off at the same Rf value as another material. They tested out several solvents and found that ethyl acetate was able to crystallize out the main material.
Using NMR and elemental analysis, Institute of Applied Chemistry were able to prove that the crystallized out material is indeed Compound III. Yield was 17%. Two grams of material was obtained, enough to try out Stage IV.
This step can be repeated in the future in order to produce more of compound III. Cereprotec Inc. Phase II clinical study of efficacy and safety of Cereprotex as preventive treatment of cognitive dysfunction as a complication of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.Cerebral dysfunction is a significant complication of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).While overt neurological dysfunction occurs in 3% of patients, cognitive dysfunction is detectable in most patients early after CABG and in up to half of patients at six months.
Cereprotec Inc. www.cereprotec.com proposes to use Cereprotex prior to and after CABG procedures in order to minimize or eliminate entirely the effects of neuro-impairment. Based on the successful animal trials Cereprotec Inc. believes that the human trials will show significant reduction in neuro-impairment.
At this moment Cereprotec Inc. www.cereprotec.com is prepared to start clinical trials and is actively seeking serious investors. Cereprotec Inc: Cerebral dysfunction is a significant complication of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Cerebral dysfunction is a significant complication of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Cognitive dysfunction is detectable in up to 70% of patients.
In Phase II Cereprotec Inc. www.cereprotec.com study patients will undergo a standard battery of 10 cognitive tests performed by one examiner before surgery and at 7 and one month after CABG. Four tests (auditory verbal learning test (AVLT), adult memory and information processing battery (AMIBP), trail-making test B (TMTB), and verbal fluency test (VFT)) will be used to calculate a composite cognitive index. US Patent Application No.11/723,011 to be assigned to CEREPROTEC INC. Method for Neuroprotection with Glycoluril DerivativesCereprotec Incorporated www.cereprotec.com is a US company involved in the development of neuroprotective drug Cereprotex.
This company is also developing a family of other promising novel chemical compounds.
Proof of efficacy of these compounds has been obtained in three animal studies including hypoxia in both mice and rats and brain trauma in mice. The proof of neuroprotection concept has been shown not only for prevention (hypoxia model), but also for the treatment paradigm post brain trauma which reflects a potential realistic situation in humans. Professor Esther Shohami has joined the board of advisors of Cereprotec IncorporatedProfessor Esther Shohami has joined the board of advisors of Cereprotec Incorporated. Her research interests include: Pathophysiology of brain injury - mediators of delayed neuronal damage e.g., prostaglandins, reactive oxygen species, cytokines, cannabinoids, and the cholinergic system in rat and mouse models of injury (closed head injury, CHI). Evaluation of potential therapeutic strategies. CHI as a risk factor for delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease. Genetic manipulations (cytokines or apoE knockouts, acetylcholine-esterase transgenics, and more) as tools for investigating the role of specific mediators in traumatic brain injury. Interrelationship between traumatic brain injury and bone remodeling. Role of endocannabinoids in blood-brain barrier function and in bone remodeling after brain trauma. Mechanisms of neuroprotection induced by pre-conditioning (ischemic or heat acclimation). In vitro model for stretch injury that simulates traumatic conditions in astrocytes.
Dr. Roman Kamburg CEO of Cereprotec and the registered owner of 1125 shares in CEREPROTEC Incorporated (the "Corporation") www.cereprotec.com a corporation incorporated in and under the laws of the State of Delaware, having its registered office at 108 West 13th Street, Wilmington, Delaware, transfered to Dr. Esther Shohami 40 Shares of Common Stock, for no consideration, to be held by the Transferee, her administrators and assignees, subject to all the terms and conditions on which such shares were held by the Transferor, and Transferee agreed to receive such shares. Pharmalef Inc. is starting collaboration in development of new oral delivery platformPharmalef Inc. www.pharmalef.com is starting collaboration in development of new oral delivery platform offers pharmaceutical companies the ability to extend the shelf life and stability of medicinal compounds.
Our partners have completed proof of concept and development of a proliposomal formulation for the model drug, calcitonin, which is used in the treatment of osteoporosis and thyroid cancer.
Clinical trials are expected to begin at a number of centers across the United States, Canada and European Union. Pharmalef Developments introduces several new products in Rheumatology, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases.With a focus on familiar, everyday health problems, Pharmalef Developments . www.pharmalef.com aims to develop and deliver products that meet the individual’s health care needs, developing a wide range of products.
In addition to its established range of highly effective and distinctive products Pharmalef Developments will introduce several new products in new fields, including Rheumatology, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases. Pharmalef Developments plays a vital role in proper documenting the drug development process.New drugs are the lifeblood of the pharmaceutical industry. Yet strict testing and documentation requirements mean only one in many drug candidates make it to market.
Pharmalef Developments www.pharmalef.com can play a vital role in documenting the drug development process. By leveraging our expertise in business process management and the latest technologies, we can also help you develop a documentation process for clinical trials that is easy and efficient, while satisfying strict government requirements and regulations. Pharmalef Developments is a home for team-oriented professionalsPharmalef Developments www.pharmalef.com is a home for team-oriented professionals and their aim is to be the first choice in the industry for licensing and academic collaborations that bring mutual benefits to each party.
They entered into many collaborations with leading academic centers, CRO-s and biotechnology companies to complement our in-house R&D capabilities.
They are always interested in forming new partnerships covering early-stage research, novel compounds or technologies and implementation of clinical trials. CEREPROTEC Method for Neuroprotection with Glycoluril Derivatives Patent Application has been Published September 18, 2008
1. A method for prevention, inhibition or treatment of neuronal degeneration caused by injury, disease, disorder or condition in the central nervous system (CNS), comprising administering to an individual in need thereof an amount effective to treat said injury, disease, disorder or condition, of a compound of the formula I:whereinR.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, the same or different, each is H or (C.sub.1-C.sub.6) alkyl;R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of (C.sub.1-C.sub.6) alkyl, --R.sub.5--COOR, --R.sub.5--OH, --R.sub.5--NH--CO--R and --R.sub.5--CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--COOR;R.sub.5 is (C.sub.1-C.sub.6) alkylene;R is H or (C.sub.1-C.sub.3) alkyl;n is an integer of 1 to 6; or an enantiomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 each is H or (C.sub.1-C.sub.6) alkyl and R.sub.4 is (C.sub.1-C.sub.6) alkyl.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 each is methyl.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 each is H or (C.sub.1-C.sub.6) alkyl, R.sub.4 is --R.sub.5---COOR, R.sub.5 is (C.sub.1-C.sub.6) alkylene and R is H or (C.sub.1-C.sub.3) alkyl.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 each is methyl, R.sub.2 is H and R.sub.4 is --(CH.sub.2).sub.3COOH.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said injury, disease, disorder or condition is selected from the group consisting of: (i) a neurological injury: (ii) brain damage caused by a cardiovascular event; (iii) a cerebrovascular disorder or disease; (iv) a neurodegenerative disease or disorder; and (v) a dementia.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said injury is a neurological traumatic injury selected from the group consisting of head trauma injury and spinal cord injury.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said head trauma injury is selected from the group consisting of blunt trauma, closed head injury and penetrating trauma injury.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said head trauma injury is closed head injury.
10. The method according to claim 6, wherein said injury, disease, disorder or condition is brain damage caused by a cardiovascular event.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein said cardiovascular event is cardiac arrest or cardiac surgery.
12. The method according to claim 6, wherein said injury, disease, disorder or condition is a cerebrovascular disorder or disease.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said cerebrovascular disorder is brain ischemia or stroke.
14. The method according to claim 6, wherein said injury, disease, disorder or condition is a neurodegenerative disease or disorder.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein said neurodegenerative disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, facial nerve (Bell's) palsy, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, Huntington's chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and macular degeneration.
16. The method according to claim 6, wherein said injury, disease, disorder or condition is dementia.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said dementia is Alzheimer's disease or a non-Alzheimer's dementia selected from the group consisting of senile dementia, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia and a dementia caused by Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease or HIV infection.
18. A method for conferring neuroprotection to an individual afflicted with a neurological injury, which comprises administering to said individual a compound of formula I in claim 1 or an enantiomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount effective to ameliorate the neurodegeneration associated with said neurological injury.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein said neurological injury is selected from the group consisting of head trauma injury and spinal cord injury.
20. A method for conferring neuroprotection to an individual suffering from a neurological or neurodegenerative disease or disorder, which comprises administering to said individual a compound of formula I in claim 1 or an enantiomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount effective to ameliorate the neurodegeneration associated with said neurological or neurodegenerative disease or disorder.
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said neurological or neurodegenerative disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, facial nerve (Bell's) palsy, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, Huntington's chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, macular degeneration and dementia.